What is a controlled component?

Answer

React renders a UI description from props and state, then reconciles it with the previous tree. Predictable data flow, stable identity, and rendering without side effects are the foundations of reliable components.

For What is a controlled component?, start with the rule or behaviour, then anchor it in a small realistic example. Distinguish the default approach from the exceptions and name the observable outcome: correctness, maintainability, accessibility, performance, or security.

Example

function Greeting({ name }) {
  return <h1>Hello, {name}</h1>
}
// <Greeting name="Ada" />

A React component is a function of its props and state that returns UI.

How to structure your answer

1. Define the concept in one or two sentences.
2. Explain when you would use it and when you would choose an alternative.
3. Walk through a small example, including an edge case.
4. Close with how you would test or measure the result.

Common mistakes

• Repeating a definition without connecting it to real code.
• Treating an optimization or abstraction as a default rather than a trade-off.
• Omitting lifecycle, error, cleanup, accessibility, or testing considerations when they apply.

Follow-up prompts

• What failure mode would you expect if this were implemented incorrectly?
• How would you test this behaviour?
• What changes when the feature must scale to a larger application or team?

Interview tip

For this medium-level question, narrate your assumptions before coding. Interviewers can assess reasoning from a clear, bounded example much better than from a list of APIs.